Nowadays, application of ANIMAL models has been widely considered in medical sciences with huge expenditure throughout the world.In order to control of ANIMAL house hygiene housing requirements, temperature, building and ethical issues has been recommended.In a descriptive study on ANIMAL HOUSES and ANIMAL labs in Tehran, fifteen centers were identified and surveyed. In this study seven factors including building, cooling and warming system cages, ventilation, nutrition and hygiene were evaluated.Our finding showed that 46.6 percent of ANIMAL HOUSES in Tehran were under standard measurement and only 26.6 percent of them were in optimal situation.thus application of above mentioned standards is recommended.

Background and Objective: Now ANIMAL HOUSES are an important part of training and researches project. The objectives of establishing ANIMAL HOUSES on the campus are making a suitable place for keeping lab ANIMALs under standard conditions similar to those of their lives making it possible to conduct reproducing healthy laboratory ANIMALs, performing training and research experiments and training students. On the other hand, it decreases the bad smell in the laboratory, reduces the possibility of ANIMALs catching different prevalent diseases, cuts down the probability of the disease to human being and prevents ANIMALs from escaping. In addition, ANIMAL HOUSES can decrease purchase expenses and save staff time and if it is introduced well it can enjoy economic justification.Method: In this research with studding of ANIMAL HOUSES in use and steaming the area for a university ANIMAL house for educations and researches. The ANIMAL house area per capita was estimated for each of student.Findings: The results contain the ANIMAL house parts are: Office, cloak- room, research room, increasing room, weighting room, behaiveir room, surgery and recovery, place of cages, washing room, storage, compressor, marine increasing room, researching monkey behavior, museum.Discussion and Conclusion: The ANIMAL HOUSES area for universities and high educational centers for training and research purposes is about 375 m2 for 200 biology students therefore the ANIMAL house area per capita would be 1.8 m2.

In the Persian language, "Sar Panah" (in English, shelter) is a common word used for house. The purpose of a shelter is to protect humans. This compound word consists of two words: Sar means authentic and up, and Panah means a protector. This means the house mainly protects a person and guards his head and value from the outside, including atmospheric factors such as wind and rain as well as the dangers of the earth and its creatures. The common ground of the two hidden meanings in the word "head" signifies the high spiritual rank, geographical location, and a place of refuge. The concept of "Panah" is also associated with protection and enclosure. Therefore, shelter is expected to be the name of a structure characterized by introversion and isolation to protect others, highlighting perfectionism and meaning-seeking. This output is the structure that derives from the term shelter. This process ends in a dense, closed, and introverted structure that is completely shut off from the outside, whether the neighborhood or the environment. However, the analysis of the evolution of the house in Iran is different from this process. Not much exists on the early samples of Iranian HOUSES and shelters. Scrutinizing early samples of settlement in Iranian caves such as Krafto in Kurdestan shows that the concept of "Sar Panah" has been equated to enclosed space, interconnected, narrow, and separated from the surroundings.Investigation into the oldest archeological site in the prehistoric period, including Shahr-e-Sokhte-y-Zabol (in English, the burnt city of Zabol), with a history of 5000 years confirms that the house and shelter have been conceptualized as before. The HOUSES include narrow and dark spaces attached (for protection purposes), covered, dim, and void of any big opening outwards. The protective role of the house and its enclosure equates to isolation from the outside, which could be apart from the neighborhood or the environment. Examining the HOUSES over a thousand years in different historical periods, including Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanid, based on the documented physical and spatial changes, shows the first philosophical leaps in the definition of home and shelter compared to the previous era. Despite the technical changes in the construction and size of the house, which mirror a perfected achievement over time, the emergence of new organs in the architecture of the house presents a new conceptualization of shelter in this era, among which there is a central courtyard along with iwans. Opening the heart of the house towards the sky, closing it from four sides, and forming its spaces is the most heartwarming reading of the new concept of shelter. In this interpretation, isolation from nature and the sky is not an example of being sheltered any longer. Rather, it represents a special connection with the upper world or heaven, which not only is not misaligned with the concept of protection but also reflects an evolutionary relationship with the sky, which describes the house under its protection. This approach, which has gradually shaped the original pattern of Iranian architecture, has continued until the contemporary period. The initial samples can be seen in the Zoroastrian house in Jandaq and Mazra eh Kalantar in Yazd.The pattern of the central courtyard was improved, and different patterns emerged across Iran. Early samples in hot and arid areas included changes in some parts of Chahar-Soffeh HOUSES, whose central opening, which sometimes includes the stem of an open dome, is a small courtyard that frames the sky.The residents of this house cohabit with the sky in an enclosed space compared to the surroundings. The selection of blue color for the domes in the main space of Iranian architecture seems to be associated with such a landscape. The popularity of the aesthetic combination of khaki and blue colors in Iranian art can also be associated with such space creation.The Iranian aesthetic system hinges on the pattern of the central courtyard, whose idea was linked with living space and home and then was extensively used as an essential and inseparable part of architecture. Shortly, this pattern was adopted in the spatial system of schools and caravanserai, mausoleums and mosques, gardens, and prisons. Iranian architecture is shut off from the neighborhood and open to the sky.Outside the village named Cham near Yazd, at the foot of the hill on which the Zoroastrian Dakhma (tower of silence) is located, a complex has been built to bolster the ceremonies and rites of commemoration of the dead. In a part of this pristine complex, there is a Chahar-Soffeh house, in the middle of which an open dome base connects the four iwans of the courtyard where nothing but the sky alongside the residents can be found. Repetition of such a landscape, while the purpose of a house is to create a shelter with all its complex and perfectionist concepts, has contributed to specific Iranian aesthetics in house architecture, which equates beauty to the presence of the sky in an enclosed space. The contrast created by coexisting openings and enclosures has contributed to the attractions of the Iranian house.

Considered a multi-aspect and complex issue, a house is a social institution that has major effects on the lives of its dwellers. Today, turbulence and interference of people’ s daily activities and their effects on intra-family and extra-family social relations, and lack of appropriate relations between patterns of personal relations and allocated spaces to HOUSES have led to dwellers’ dissatisfaction. The main goal of this study is to investigate those semantic changes, pertaining to patterns of daily activities and social relations. In this research, historical and ethnographic methods are employed to study traditional and contemporary HOUSES respectively. Results show there have been changes in people’ s activity pattern, entertainment programs, doing and dividing works, time management, health care system, domestic food production and intra-family and extra-family social relationships. These changes have occurred along with spatial changes; therefore, the socio-spatial meaning of the part related to social relationships and activities has been integrated into contemporary HOUSES; in a way so that in some spaces the socio-spatial meaning is totally changed, in some spaces the new meaning, in line with the past meaning, has gained a new form and in some others the same past meaning is retained. Among socio-spatial meanings which survive in new forms, one can point to the role of father in the family and its socio-spatial effects. Among the totally changed meanings, we can mention the role of woman at home and its socio-spatial impacts. On the other hand, these changes have affected, with varying degrees, different things from the patterns of activities to physical features of HOUSES. Issues like object-orientation significance vs. space-orientation, weakened role of spatial form and geometry, tendency for closed spaces vs. open ones and individuality are instances of these changes. House as one of the noble human heritage has always been considered from various angles and as a social institution has a great effect on the lives of its inhabitants. And alongside human life, which has many challenges and complexities, the house is also a complex subject with different semantic layers. Considering the fact that the house as a social institution has a high status in society, therefore, social meaning among other meanings of the house is of particular importance. Therefore, in this research, how this meaning is defined in the spaces of the house is dealt with. The turmoil and interference between the activities of people who are today most likely to be seen in homes indicates the inappropriateness and proper relationship between the pattern of activities of individuals and the home spaces. On the other hand, the lack of proper understanding of the pattern of current activities of individuals led to the design of spatial disparities with the pattern of activities in most homes, which led to residents’ dissatisfaction. Because social cultural categories are always created in a long time, it seems that what we see today is created in a historical context. In fact, in order to better understand the current situation, this relationship should be measured in traditional homes so that we can correct the defects by comparing what we are seeing today. In this way, the relationship between the pattern of activities and the spaces of traditional and contemporary HOUSES and the socio-spatial meaning of the subject followed up by the study is measured in a selection of traditional and contemporary HOUSES in Arak. In this research, a historical method has been used to study traditional HOUSES and ethnographic methods for contemporary HOUSES. Historically, data collection has been used through interviews with the old residents of these HOUSES and the observation of the building (field method) as well as the documents of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, and also ethnographic studies and historical sociology. The data of contemporary HOUSES in Arak are also gathered through ethnographic method and participatory observation. Changes in homes are investigated in four factors: activities, social relationships, time, and spatial-physical characteristics in homes. Then, by comparing these four factors and data tables, socio-spatial changes in these homes were obtained. The comparative comparison of traditional and contemporary HOUSES in Arak shows that a change has occurred in the socio-spatial sense of the house. It is important to note that the transformation of meaning in all the spaces and activities is not the same, so that in some spaces the social-spatial meaning has completely changed. In some spaces, along with the meaning of the past, a new meaning has been found, and in others, the same meaning in the past is spilled in space.

This article presents a part of the author's study of nanotechnology on the future of architecture. First, it considers the scientific aspect of architecture and clarifies the relationship between the subject to architecture, by a survey in fixed principles and concepts of architecture and words of great architects. In the end it presents the examples of the use of this technology and introduces the qualities that can be achieved by the architects in the future. In addition through this study they explained the importance of this subject by considering the positive and negative effects of this technology. They predict that nanotechnology will change the architectural principles and it will remove some limitations and shortages such as standards and untransformative materials like brick and concrete. When scientists are examining things at the nanoscale, they find that materials operate differently than they do in our familiar world. Different electrical and physical interactions come into play at the nanoscale, so scientists need an understanding of many different disciplines when working in nanotechnology. A fusion of chemistry, physics and engineering, nanotechnology is the manipulation and assembly of material with atomic precision. Traditionally, products are constructed by cutting or etching away material from substances to make them smaller. Nanotechnology takes something small and builds it from the ground up by adding to it. By developing materials at the molecular level, scientists can create new forms of matter that are stronger and more elastic, refract light differently, have different electrical characteristics, and even respond to their environment. These unique properties will help scientists use nanotechnology to generate scientific breakthroughs in electronics, life sciences and materials. Nanotechnology solutions are already found in a range of commercial products. Nano clays improve the physical characteristics of plastics and provide ultra-hard coatings for eyeglasses. Life scientists are already using nanotechnology to advance healthcare. Unusual forms of matter called "quantum dots" help diagnose disease and discover new drugs. Nanotechnology can remove worthless stuff and pollution from the environment, also it can dramatically prevent to waste resources that, it itself merely can cause to decrease the final price of the most of products processes and steps of operations. Nano technology is not potentially good or bad, like all developed technologies in the world, but to what makes it useful or useless, is the way that human applies it, in his life. So it is clear that, the more technology is capable and applicable, the more it needs to be controlled, in order to be applied in the best way for people and promotes the quality of their life. If we don't correctly control nanotechnology or if we use it in the wrong way, it can cause to irrecoverable outcome. Although this technology will indicate a new ways, we should be aware of environmental problems, try to reduce the pollution through green products and decrease the use of diminished sources and energies. We should try to study carefully the potential effects of different use of nano particles on human's health and environment, in order to control its harmful effects in the future.

Because of existing of a high-level potential of the wood resources in forest zones in north of Iran, the residential architecture is completely different from the other parts of this country. The present work is concerned on a special building in the center of Guilan which is called the "Shekili building" and some constructor people believes that the "Shekili" is a magical pattern of wood employment in residential building structures. The paper also tries to show the procedure of finding the best choices of the residential construction materials, and the wooden based structural details. Meanwhile, the current work also presents the special characters, building construction details, and the traditional construction materials of the "Shekili". The information is collected from the villages and structural parts which are marked on their native names. However, most of the information are collected from human resources and detail field observations of the traditional buildings in selected villages. Additionally, some details about the loading and structural analysis are also explained, which all of them illustrates the knowledge level of the building constructors of Guilan. Finally, by illustration of some fundamental characters of Guilan traditional architecture, useful guidelines are proposed for more optimal design of the traditional buildings.    

Since man has been engaged in architecture, he has paid attention to the spiritual, inner needs and aesthetics sense too. Today, in architecture, aesthetics is limited to formal secondary factors due to lack of the systematic and applied explanation, while this concept has a more definition and is closely related to structure, details of construction, audience and environment. Iranian architecture that has manifested aesthetics over many years age, has been a rich source for adapting the principles of aesthetics in architecture. Quantitative and qualitative foundations in traditional architecture, which are related to the aesthetics and visual principles set on structure and proportions, lead to aesthetics appearance. Accordingly This research tries to answer the question: how are aesthetics principles engaged in Iranian architecture in order to utilizing them in contemporary architecture. The analysis of the HOUSES was carried out in Mashhad because of its historical background, which was a rich source of architectural works. In this research, current findings of different schools and philosophers viewpoints about aesthetics were collected next analyzed and Interpreted with content analysis method which they formed the criteria of analysis. Using the documentations, 10 types of Mashhad historical HOUSES were analyzed with aesthetics factors, all of them were belonged to Qajar period. In this analysis, according to architectural changes affected from historical conditions (Qajar period), the spatial & structural principles of the HOUSES belonged to the first period and the beginning of the second period were conformed with aesthetics criteria. While the HOUSES belonged to second Qajar period, they included elements as sloping roofs, and issues like: having less application of the symmetry and proportionality in the plan & faç ade, and more extravagance, which is a conception of Western architecture and doesn’ t fit to regional culture and climate.

From long ago, “house” was something more than just a shelter and the spiritual aspects could be seen in every step, from construction to the usage. But nowadays, ignoring the quality as well as spiritual requirements of the inhabitants while considering the economical and functional factors, result in reducing the role of HOUSES in devoting the identification to the human beings, to the extent which one of the regardless issues in programming and designing process of the HOUSES appear to be the cultural values. From the authors’ point of view, making use of our ancestors’ experiences in designing the identified HOUSES, today known as “Iranian HOUSES”, seems to be helpful in overcoming the current situation. The paper is a case study research with a combinational method that has the descriptive, analytical and logical reasoning research methods. Therefore, in this article, the authors tried to investigate the valuable concepts of traditional Iranian HOUSES, relied on the particular lifestyle by the means of direct observation, field study, documents review and interviewing with some of the traditional HOUSES inhabitants. Thus, for identification of “life”, indicators such as family and lifestyle are discussed and the data resulting from the questionnaires is listed .The results show that there was correct relation between the building and the inhabitants’ “life style” in traditional HOUSES. In this way, the association between “the life” and some of the important factors found in the Iranian HOUSES, including nature, group living, space flexibility, neighbors, beauty etc. are explained to achieve a comprehensive viewpoint of Iranian HOUSES.

Introduction: There are about two millions of wounds caused by mammal biting annually. In our country, the current trend in the increasing cases of people bitten by ANIMALs remains of prime importance from sanitary-economic point of view. This study was carried out by determining and specifying the registered cases of ANIMAL biting for the last 3 years. The cases had referred to an anti rabies clinic in Mashhad. The present study tends to find out a more precise distribution rate of the disease in order to be able to have more efficacious plans and control in the community.Materials and Methods: Initially, all the files reflecting information about the patients who had referred to the anti-rabies clinic located in No. 2 Healthcare Center of Mashhad. The cases were studied separately for each year; i.e. the years of 1385 through 1387 HS. Then, based on the required data gathered. Distributive tables were made for each year. Results: According to the findings of the study, 3809, 3294 and 3535 cases were bitten by ANIMALs in different regions in Mashhad during the years of 1385, 1386 and 1387, respectively. The percentage of bitten cases aging in a range of 10-19 years old was more than the incidents in the other groups. Also, the number of bitten males was more than the bitten females. In addition, it was found that the quantity of biting cases in urban areas was more than those in the rural regions. The findings also indicate that the amount of cases that received partial treatment was more than those who had complete treatments. Furthermore, most of the cases were bitten by dogs and the upper and the lower limbs were the most affected parts of the body. Conclusion: During warm seasons, young males are at risk of biting.  After the incident, washing the wound with water and soap as well as rabies vaccination are recommended.

Spatial elements have a lot of varieties in the architecture of past HOUSES. Every house can find meaning through closed and open spaces and the accompaniment of semi-open spaces next to them. One of the unique features of Islamic HOUSES is the presence of semi-open space elements that in addition to meet the functional and behavioural needs; have a diversity in their typology. With the aim of typology of these spatial elements, this research uses a qualitative research method to find out what are the different types of semi-open spaces in Yazd HOUSES and Damascus HOUSES in terms of form and orientation. In addition, this research is based on field studies that authors were able to visit and perceive spaces in Yazd HOUSES and Damascus HOUSES. For this purpose, first, the historical background of semi-open elements and their functions have been studied. Then, by reviewing the position of semi-open elements in some Islamic cities, the two cities of Yazd and Damascus in Qajar and Ottoman historical periods were selected and the typology of semi-open spatial elements in HOUSES were analysed and compared. Based on the preliminary study, HOUSES of Yazd have four types of semi-open spaces, including the main porch(hall), shallow porch, porch and columned porch, and the HOUSES of Damascus have three types of semi-open spaces, namely, the main porch, secondary porch and the columned porch. Comparison of these semi-open spatial elements in the HOUSES of the two cities and analysis of the commonalities and differences between them; lead the researchers to a main semi-open space, namely, the main porch.